Reproductive performance of gilts and weaned sows grouped at different days after insemination.

The objective of the study was to compare the reproductive performances of gilts and weaned sows grouped at different days after insemination. The study was conducted on a sow farm in the Midwest of Paraná State, Brazil, using animals from the Camborough genetic line (PIC®, Patos de Minas, Brazil, Landrace × Large White crossbred). The groups of comparison have considered the distribution of gilts (n = 407) and sows (parity 1 to 5; n = 843) according to the day of group housing in collective pens in relation to the day of last insemination (AI). Thus, gilts were distributed in four groups of comparison: group housing on days 1, 2, 3, or 4 after the last AI (AI). Sows were distributed in three groups of comparison: group housing on the day after the last AI (0), at day 1 or 2 after the last AI. Farrowing rate (FR), the total number of piglets born (TB), and return to estrus (RE) were recorded. In a subsample (254 gilts and 622 sows), the presence and the score of skin lesions (0, no lesions; 1, low; 2, moderate; or 3, high) were evaluated 24 and 48 h after mixing. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS® 9.4 software using the GLIMMIX procedure. Comparisons of means were performed using the Tukey-Kramer test and frequencies by logistic regression. Group housing gilts on different days after insemination did not affect FR, TB, and RE (P ≥ 0.79). However, sows mixed 2 days after AI had a reduction in TB compared to those mixed on day 1 (P = 0.05), without differences from sows mixed on the day of the last AI. All the females had low (score 1; 60.5%) or moderate (score 2; 39.5%) skin lesions. For both female categories, the presence of low or moderate lesion scores did not affect ER, FR, and TB (P ≥ 0.25). Fights within 48 h were not severe enough to compromise reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.25). In conclusion, group housing gestating sows 2 days after breeding compromised litter size; however, mixing gilts on days 1 to 4 after breeding did not impair reproductive performance.

Effects of flush feeding strategy before breeding on reproductive performance of modern replacement gilts: impacts on ovulation rate and litter traits.

AbstractThe effects of two feed levels offered during two estrous cycles before insemination were evaluated on the reproductive performance of gilts. A total of 93 gilts (PIC Hendersonville, TN) were individually housed and manually fed twice a day with 2.1 or 3.6 kg/d of a corn and soybean meal-based diet (3.15 Mcal ME/kg and 0.64% standardized ileal digestible lysine), during two estrous cycles before breeding (cycle 1, between first and second estrus; cycle 2, between second and third estrus). Gilts were weighed at the beginning of the experiment, at second and third estrus, and at slaughter (30.2 ± 1.2 d of gestation). Follicles were counted at second estrus, and the embryo-placental units and the corpora lutea were individually counted, measured, and weighed at slaughter. Gilts fed 3.6 kg/d had greater BW gain during cycle 1 and cycle 2 (P < 0.001; + 9.8 kg and + 10.0 kg, respectively) becoming heavier at second and third estrus (P < 0.001). At second estrus, gilts fed 3.6 kg/d had 1.6 more medium-large follicles (P = 0.074) but no difference in follicle size (P = 0.530) was observed. Gilts fed 3.6 kg/d in cycle 1 or cycle 2 had a greater ovulation rate at third estrus (P < 0.016) than those receiving 2.1 kg/d. Also, 3.6 kg/d in cycle 2 increased early embryo mortality (P = 0.006; 2.3 vs. 1.1 dead embryos) and consequently reduced total embryo survival (P = 0.002; 84.6 vs. 90.1%). Gilts fed 3.6 kg/d during cycle 1 had two more total embryos (P < 0.001; 17.2 vs. 15.1) and two more vital embryos on day 30 (P < 0.001; 16.7 vs. 14.5) in comparison with gilts fed 2.1 kg/d. The coefficient of variation for placental length was greater for gilts fed 3.6 kg/d during cycle 1 (P = 0.003). No further significant effects of feeding levels were observed on embryo and placental traits (P ≥ 0.063). These results suggest that the feeding level during the first cycle after pubertal estrus is crucial to set ovulation rate and potential litter size for breeding at next estrus. However, flush feeding gilts before insemination can negatively impact litter size by reducing embryo survival when breeding at third estrus.

Impact of feed intake in early gestation on maternal growth and litter size according to body reserves at weaning of young parity sows.

The effect of increasing the feed level (1.8, 2.5, and 3.2 kg/d) during early gestation in parity 1 (PO1) and parity 2 (PO2) sows on maternal growth and litter size was evaluated. A total of 361 sows were group-housed and fed a diet based on a corn-soybean meal (3.15 Mcal Metabolizable Energy (ME) per kg and 0.68% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 6 of gestation until day 30. Sows were weighed at weaning and on day 30 of gestation. Farrowing rate, number of total piglets born, piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses were recorded at farrowing. The effect of feed level on the total number of piglets born was also evaluated according to classes of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and caliper unit at weaning for each parity order. There was no evidence for significant effect of the interaction between feed level × parity on the variables related to maternal growth and reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.128). Greater feed levels linearly increased the gains in body condition (i.e., BW, BCS, BF, and caliper unit) between weaning and day 30 of gestation (P < 0.001). Farrowing rate was not influenced by the feed level (P ≥ 0.200) and parity (P ≥ 0.209). The number of total piglets born decreased linearly as the feed level increased (P = 0.041), whereas no evidences for differences were observed on piglets born alive among treatments (P ≥ 0.317), neither between parities (P ≥ 0.904). For PO1 sows, the total piglets born on BW classes (≤183 vs. >183 kg) and on classes of BF (≤11.5 vs. > 11.5 mm) were quadratically affected by the feed levels (P ≤ 0.041). In contrast, the number of total piglets born was marginally affected (linear; P ≤ 0.094) by the feed level in the different classes of BW, BCS, and caliper unit in PO2 sows. There was no evidence for differences for the interaction of feed level and classes of body condition (P ≥ 0.199) for PO2 sows. Similarly, no interactions between feed level and classes of BW, BCS, and BF at weaning were observed (P ≥ 0.233) for PO1 sows; however, the total piglets born were affected by an interaction between feed level and caliper unit class (P = 0.042). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 6 of gestation until day 30 resulted in increased maternal BW gain but reduced the number of total piglets born. Furthermore, lighter and in a poor BCS PO1 sows at weaning produced fewer total born piglets with no benefits from greater amounts of feed.

Maternal nutrition during early and late gestation in gilts and sows under commercial conditions: impacts on maternal growth and litter traits1.

The effects of two different feeding levels, offered in two phases during gestation, on body measurements and litter traits were evaluated in 152 gilts and 551 sows. The treatments consisted of the combination of two gestation phases (phase 1-days 22 to 42; phase 2-days 90 to 110) and two feed amounts (1.8 or 3.5 kg/d). Females were weighed on days 22, 42, 90, and 110 of gestation. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Total placental efficiency (ratio between litter weight and total placental weight) was measured in 518 females. Variables concerning body measurements at days 42 and 90 of gestation were analyzed considering the effects of feed amount, parity order (PO) and its interaction as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Body measurements at day 110 of gestation and litter traits were analyzed considering the effects of feed amounts in phase 1, feed amounts in phase 2, PO and their interactions, as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. As expected, BW, backfat, and caliper units were greater at days 42, 90, and 110 (P ≤ 0.006) for females fed 3.5 kg/d during the previous phase than those fed 1.8 kg. No differences were observed among feed levels in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P ≥ 0.118). The percentage of stillborn piglets was affected by a three-way interaction (feed level at phase 1 × feed level at phase 2 × PO). Gilts fed 1.8 kg/d at phase 1 and 3.5 kg/d at phase 2 had fewer stillborn piglets than the other females (P ≤ 0.004). Birth weight was not affected by feed levels (P ≥ 0.153); however, sows had heavier piglets than gilts (P < 0.001). Females fed 3.5 kg/d during phase 2 tended to have heavier litters (P = 0.054) than those fed 1.8 kg/d. Feeding a high level at phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets in gilts, but not in sows (feed level phase 2 × PO; P = 0.031). Total placental weight, average placental weight, and total placental efficiency were not affected by feed level at phase 1, feed level at phase 2 or interactions (P > 0.14). Sows had total placental weight and average placental weight greater (P ≤ 0.003) than gilts. In conclusion, increasing feed intake during phase 1, phase 2, or both phases resulted in increased maternal BW gain, without expressive effects on litter traits. Feeding 3.5 kg/d to gilts during phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets.

Effects of intravaginal devices containing different dosages of medroxyprogesterone acetate for the control of the estrous cycle in gilts.

This aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intravaginal devices (IVDs), containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), for controlling the estrous cycle in pubertal gilts. Gilts were assigned to four treatments: Control (no IVD); IVD containing 100 (IVD100), 200 (IVD200) or 400 mg (IVD400) of MPA. The IVDs were inserted on day 12 of the estrous cycle and maintained intra-vaginally for 14 days. The percentage of gilts in estrus, interval between IVD removal and estrous onset, adjusted farrowing rate (AFR), total number of piglets born (TPB), follicle size and serum progesterone (P4) were recorded. None of the gilts expressed estrus during the IVD treatment period. All gilts of the control group expressed estrus (15/15; 100%) which was greater (P =  0.03) than all IVD-treated gilts (33/44; 75%); however, there were no treatment differences (P =  0.09). The interval between IVD removal and estrous onset was shorter for IVD100 (3.8 ± 0.6 d) compared to IVD400 (5.3 ± 0.6 d; P = 0.05). The IVD400-treated gilts had smaller follicles than the IVD100-treated gilts (P =  0.05). The P4 concentrations were similar among treated groups (P =  0.99). The AFR did not differ among treatment groups (P = 0.37); however, the control group had a greater TPB than the other treatment groups (P =  0.04). The gilts treated with IVDs had longer interval to estrous expression. The most effective dosage was 400 mg of MPA, considering both the minimal follicular growth during the IVD treatment period and the lesser numbers of persistent follicles.

Effects of TRX Suspensions Training on Functionality, Body Pain and Static Posture of an Elderly Woman: a Case Report / Efeitos do Treinamento Suspenso TRX Sobre a Funcionalidade, Dor no Corpo e a Postura Estática de uma Mulher Idosa: um Relato de Caso

Considering that suspended training (TRX® ST) refers to the idea of a full training, it is believed that its practice can bring great benefits. Thus, it was [ aimed to verify the effect of suspended training TRX® ST on the functionality, the static posture of the spine and general body pain in an elderly woman. The following were evaluated :(1) funcionality using Senior Fitness Test (SFT) protocol; (2) body pain using a validated questionnaire; and (3) spine static posture using Flexicurve before the training (1st evaluation) and after the last training session (2nd evaluation). The suspended training TRX® ST, that consists of exercises for strength and flexibility, was performed for twelve weeks, in such ways that each week consisted of two sessions, lasting 50 minutes each. The participant presented: (1) an improvement of the functionality (increasing from 12 to 19 repetitions the number of repetitions of sitting and standing up; decreasing from 5.9s to 4.5s the number of sitting and walking ; and decreasing from 6cm to 0cm the result of sitting and reaching up, in STF), except in upper limbs; (2) a reduction of pain in the dorsal, lumbar and gluteal regions; and (3) postural modifications in the lumbar spine, passing from a correction (24°) to a physiological lordosis. (41°). In contrast, the results also showed that the posture of the thoracic spine was not affected by the suspended training in twelve weeks. Since these are initial results, it is necessary to conduct further studies in order to verify the effects of training with TRX® ST on the variables pain, static posture and functionality, as well as on the dynamic posture and the quality of life of its practitioners.(AU).

Considerando que o treinamento suspenso (TRX® ST) remete à ideia de um treinamento completo, trabalhando o corpo como uma unidade, acredita-se que sua prática pode trazer grandes benefícios. Nessa perspectiva, objetivou-se identificar o efeito do treinamento suspenso TRX® ST sobre a funcionalidade, a postura estática da coluna vertebral e as dores corporais em geral em uma mulher idosa, a qual foi submetida à avaliação (1) da funcionalidade por meio do protocolo proposto pelo Senior Fitness Test (SFT); (2) das dores corporais utilizando-se o instrumento Informações sobre Dor nas Costas (IDC); e (3) da postura estática da coluna vertebral utilizando o Flexicurva antes do início do treinamento (1ª avaliação) e após a última sessão do treinamento (2ª avaliação). O treinamento suspenso (TRX® ST), composto de exercícios para força e flexibilidade, foi realizado durante 12 semanas, sendo cada semana composta de duas sessões, com duração de até 50 minutos cada. A participante apresentou: (1) melhora da funcionalidade (aumentando de 12 para 19 o número de repetições de sentar e levantar; diminuindo de 5,9s para 4,5s o tempo de sentar e caminhar; e diminuindo de 6cm para 0cm o resultado de sentar e alcançar, no STF), exceto nos membros superiores; (2) diminuição da dor nas regiões dorsal (de EVA intensidade 1 para intensidade 0), lombar (de EVA intensidade 1 para intensidade 0) e de glúteos (de EVA intensidade 2 para intensidade 1); e (3) mudança da postura da coluna lombar, passando de uma retificação (24°) para uma lordose fisiológica (41°). Em contrapartida, os resultados também demonstraram que a postura da coluna torácica não foi alterada pelo treinamento. Tendo em vista que esses são resultados iniciais, se faz necessária a condução de novos estudos a fim de verificar os efeitos do treinamento com TRX® ST sobre as variáveis dor, postura estática e funcionalidade, bem como sobre a postura dinâmica e a qualidade de vida de seus praticantes.(AU).

Impact of feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and reproductive performance: a dose-response study performed in gilts.

The effects of increasing feed intake (1.8, 2.3, 2.8, and 3.3 kg/d) during late gestation of gilts on piglet birth weight and female reproductive performance were evaluated. A total of 977 gilts were fed a diet based on corn-soybean meal (3.29 Mcal ME per kg and 0.64% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. Gilts were weighed on days 90 and 112 of gestation, at farrowing and weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Colostrum yield (CY), lactation feed intake, and litter growth rate were measured in a randomly selected subsample of 245 gilts. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. As expected, gains in body weight (BW) were different at day 112 (P < 0.001) with the greatest values observed in the 3.3 kg/d treatment. As feed intake increased during late gestation, BW, body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and Caliper unit also increased between day 112 and weaning (P < 0.001). No differences were found among treatments in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P > 0.05). Tendencies for quadratic effect of feed intake were observed for born alive piglets (P = 0.079), average birth weight of piglets (P = 0.083), and litter weight (P = 0.059). Gilts with lower feed intake during late gestation had reduced percentages of stillborn piglets than gilts with greater feed intakes. The CY decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the feed intake was increased. No differences among treatments were found at weaning in individual piglet weight and litter weight, as well as in percentage of weaned piglets (P > 0.05). Lactation feed intake decreased as gestation feeding level increased (P < 0.05). No differences in the subsequent cycle were observed among treatments for farrowing rate, retention rate up to the next farrowing, number of total piglets born, born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses (P > 0.05). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing resulted in increased maternal BW gain and stillborn rate, but reduced CY and lactation feed intake. A slight increase in birth weight was observed for the 2.3 kg/d treatment. Furthermore, litter growth and subsequent female reproductive performance were not affected by feed intake during late gestation.

Two different feeding levels during late gestation in gilts and sows under commercial conditions: impact on piglet birth weight and female reproductive performance.

The increase in the litter size in past decades has caused reduction in the individual piglet birth weight. Therefore, nutritional strategies employed in the last third of gestation in order to improve the piglet birth weight have been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2 different feeding levels (1.8 and 2.2 kg/d) in the last third of gestation on the piglet birth weight and the female reproductive performance. A total of 407 females were fed on a diet based on corn-soybean meal (3.25 Mcal ME per kg and 0.65% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. The females were weighed on day 90 and day 112 of gestation, and at weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. The lactation feed intake and the litter growth rate were measured in a randomly selected subsample of 53 sows from each treatment. The data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed models, considering the females as the experimental unit. Parity, treatment, and their interaction were analyzed for all responses. The females fed on 2.2 kg/d of diet from day 90 to day 112 exhibited greater body weight gain compared to the females fed on 1.8 kg/d (P < 0.001). No evidence of the effects of feeding levels on the individual piglet birth weight and on the within-litter CV were observed, for both gilts and sows (P ≥ 0.90). Similarly, when the classes of the total born piglets were considered in the analysis (<15 and ≥15 for gilts; <16 and ≥16 for sows), no positive effects of increasing the feeding level were observed on the individual piglet birth weight and the within-litter CV (P ≥ 0.47). Also, no differences in the stillborn rate, mummified-fetus rate, and percentage of piglets weighing less than 1,000 g at birth were observed between the treatments (P ≥ 0.28). The females fed on 1.8 kg/d of diet exhibited greater feed intake during lactation, compared to the females fed on 2.2 kg/d (P < 0.05). Weaning weight, weaning-to-estrus interval, subsequent litter size, and culling rate were not affected by the dietary levels (P ≥ 0.23). In conclusion, increasing the feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing increased the body weight gain in sow, demonstrated no effect on the piglet birth weight, and reduced the lactation feed intake. Furthermore, there was no evidence of the effects of the treatments on the litter growth rate or on the subsequent female reproductive performance.

Effect of bleaching on color stability and roughness of composite resins aged in staining beverage.

Composite resin properties can be affected by contact with gel during bleaching procedures; however, there is no consensus about the effect of this contact on resin susceptibility to color change. This study aimed to evaluate staining susceptibility and surface roughness changes in 2 composite resins (Filtek Z250 XT and Filtek Z350 XT) after application of bleaching peroxides and storage in different media. Forty-two disc-shaped specimens of each composite were made, polished, and divided into 3 groups according to treatment type (35% hydrogen peroxide, 16% carbamide peroxide, or deionized water as a control group). These groups were subdivided into 2 groups according to immersion media (n = 7): deionized water or red wine. Color and average roughness (Ra) measurements were taken 24 hours after specimen preparation (T0), immediately after bleaching procedures (T1), and immediately after aging (staining; T2). Statistical analyses were performed using 2-way analyses of variance for repeated measurements and the Tukey test (P < 0.05). Bleaching resulted in minimal color change (ΔE* < 1) in all groups. Filtek Z350 XT specimens presented greater mean values of color change. The Ra values did not increase significantly after bleaching procedures or aging (staining) in all groups. Thus, bleaching agents did not significantly change the color or roughness of the composite resins used in this study.

The Effect of Brushing and Aging on the Staining and Smoothness of Resin Composites.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the staining and smoothness of resin composites undergoing aging in water or red wine and simulated brushing with or without dentifrice. METHODS: The resin composites (Z250 microfilled and Z350XT nanofilled) were tested according to aging media (deionized water or red wine) and surface treatment (no brushing, brushed with water, or brushed with dentifrice). Specimens (n = 10) were subjected to three aging cycles (5 days) of continuous immersion in the aging media; each followed by simulated brushing (585 strokes). Color coordinates (CIEL*a*b*) were measured with a spectrophotometer (SP60, EX-Rite) and roughness (Ra) measured with a contact profilometer (Surftest SJ-201P, Mitutoyo), in five time points across the experiment. Surface morphology was analyzed using AFM (SPM-9600, Shimadzu) at the end of the experiment. Data for color change (ΔE00 ) and Ra were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Color change was observed for all groups, and it was always greater for Z350. Surface treatment did not influence the ΔE00 values for the groups aged in water. However, brushing decreased ΔE00 for the groups aged in red wine. In general, ΔE00 increased with time. Little to no differences in smoothness were observed with aging and brushing. The surface morphology analyses showed exposed/lost filler particles for brushed Z250. Such observations were not so clear for Z350. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present experiment, short-time simulated toothbrushing with soft-bristle toothbrush and low abrasive dentifrice did not increase roughness and reduced staining for both nanofilled and microfilled materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Staining and surface degradation of the resin composites was reduced, but not prevented by brushing alone. Thus, minimizing the restoration exposure to staining substances is important for maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the restoration. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:E44-E55, 2017).

Influence of Bleaching Agents on Color and Translucency of Aged Resin Composites.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the influence of two bleaching agents (16% carbamide peroxide-CP and 35% hydrogen peroxide-HP) on color and translucency of one resin composite (Filtek Z350 XT) in two opacities (enamel and dentin) previously aged in deionized water or red wine. METHODS: Sixty specimens of each material were divided in two groups (n = 30): aged in water or red wine for 14 days. Then the specimens were divided in three subgroups (n = 10): control/no treatment, treated with 16% carbamide peroxide (Mix Night), treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Mix One). Color readings were performed 24 hours after polishing (baseline); after the 14 days of aging; and after bleaching treatment. Color coordinates CIE L*a*b* were measured using a spectrophotometer (SP60 X-Rite). Color change (CIEDE2000) and translucency parameter were calculated. Data were analyzed with repeated measures two-way ANOVA, and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (5%). RESULTS: Bleaching decreased color change in stained resin composites (aged in red wine), whereas increased it in non-stained enamel resin composites (aged in water). CP had better bleaching results with stained resin composites than HP. Translucency of non-stained dentin resin composite decreased with aging, but did not change with bleaching. For stained resin composites, aging caused reduced translucency, whereas bleaching increased it. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Effective bleaching of discolored resin composites aged in an acidic and alcoholic media rich in staining agents was achieved, improving color and translucency. Carbamide peroxide showed better performance than hydrogen peroxide for the bleaching of stained resin composites. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:368-377, 2017).

Avaliação da cor de um compósito com espectrofotômetro em diferentes modos de leitura e condições de armazenagem / Composite color evaluation using a spectrophotometer in different modesof operation and storage conditions

Objetivo: Avaliar se o espectrofotômetro VITA Easysha-de® Compact faz leituras semelhantes de cor da resina composta Filtek® Z350, comparando duas de suas fun-ções. Verificar se a hidratação do compósito influencia nestas leituras e se há diferença de cor entre a resina composta utilizada e a escala Vita Classical. Materiais e método: Foram confeccionados 10 corpos de prova (cps) da resina composta na cor A2, utilizando matriz de teflon (6 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura) e fotoativados por 40 segundos. As coordenadas de cor do sistema CIELAB dos cps e da cor A2 da escala Vita Classical foram aferidas no espectrofotômetro, na fun-ção ?Dente Individual? para calcular a diferença de cor (?E)* entre o corpo-de-prova (cp) e escala Vita Classical. Foram obtidos também valores de ?E* na função ?Res-tauração?, na qual o aparelho compara a cor do cp com uma escala própria pré-carregada. Estas leituras foram repetidas após 24h de hidratação em água deionizada. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student pareado (?=0,01) para comparação dos grupos. Resultados: Observou-se dife-renças significantes entre os modos de leitura (p<0,01) em ambas as condições (inicial e 24h) e entre os pe-ríodo de hidratação (p<0,01) (inicial e 24h) também em ambas funções, observando-se valores menores de ?E* após hidratação. Conclusão: O espectrofotômetro VITA Easyshade® Compact fez leituras de cor diferente da re-sina composta nas duas funções testadas, influenciadas também pela hidratação. A cor A2 da resina Filtek® Z350 não correspondeu à cor A2 da escala Vita Classical.

Ageing of silorane-based and methacrylate-based composite resins: effects on translucency.

OBJECTIVES: Verify if media and time of storage affect the translucency of a silorane-based composite (Filtek P90) compared to two methacrylate-based composites (Z350 and ROK), and compare two methods of translucency evaluation. METHODS: Specimens were divided into two groups (n=7) according to the storage media (deionized water or red wine). With a spectrophotometer (SP60) in reflectance mode, the CIE L*a*b* parameters and opacity percentage readings were conducted at baseline, 24h, 30 days, and 180 days. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey (p<0.05). Pearson correlation measured the relationship between translucency parameter and opacity percentage. RESULTS: When stored in water, P90 showed an increase, whereas Z350 decreased in translucency. ROK did not exhibit any tendency over time. When stored in wine, the translucency of all materials decreased. A negative relationship was found between translucency parameter and opacity percentage. When stored in water, the a* values for P90 decreased, whereas Z350 and ROK showed values increasing over time. When stored in wine, the L* parameter tended to decrease over time, an effect that was less intense for P90. Moreover, the b* parameter for P90 decreased, whereas methacrylate-based composites increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: P90 was more stable in red wine than the other materials and became more translucent in water whether metacrilate-based materials became more opaque. Both media as well as storage time affected the translucency of the materials tested. Translucency could be measured with both methods tested. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Silorane-based composites seemed to be more stable than methacrylate-based composites in red wine and became more translucent over time in water, which was different than methacrylate-based composites. More studies are needed to clarify silorane-based composites performance.

Em restaurações diretas de resina composta, classes I e II, prefere utilizar sistema adesivo autocondicionante ou convencional (de duas ou três etapas clínicas?) / In direct restorations shrinkage, classes I and II prefere using etching system or conventional (of two or three clinical stages)

A aplicação clínica dos sistemas adesivos em dentes posteriores ainda divide opiniões. Tal fato pode ser resultado do grande número de sistemas adesivos atualmente encontrados na Odontologia, bem como da rápida mudança que ocorre com esses materiais, e pela falta de trabalhos conclusivos sobre a longevidade clínica comparando os diversos sistemas adesivos em dentes posteriores. ...

Dureza de resinas compostas de diferentes cores, em profundidades distintas, fotoativadas por diferentes fotopolimerizadores / Hardness of composite resins of different colors, at distinc depths, photoactivated by different light-curing units

Objetivo: Avaliar a dureza de resinas compostas (RC) de cores diferentes em duas profundidades (topo e base), fotoativadas com diferentes fotopolimerizadores. Méto-do: Utilizaram-se duas RC de cores e opacidades diferentes (Filtek Supreme A1E®, Filtek Supreme A3D®) e quatro aparelhos fotopolimerizadores LED (Ultra Blue Is 600® - 450 mW/cm2; Optilight LD III® - 250 mW/cm2; Ultraled® - 250 mW/cm2; Radii® - 700 mW/cm2). Confeccionaram-se 24 matrizes de polímero de náilon (5 mm de diâmetro e 3 mm de espessura), nas quais as RC foram inseridas em dois incrementos de 1,5 mm cada, fotoativados por 20s cada. Submeteram-se os corpos-de-prova (cp) à análise de dureza Vickers no 'topo' e na 'base', com quatro medidas em cada superfície. A média de dureza de cada cp foi calculada e aplicaram-se análise de variância e Tukey. Resultados e conclusões: Observou-se que a dureza das RC variou conforme a cor do material e os aparelhos utilizados, com o Raddi e o Ultra Blue IS proporcionando os maiores valores. De forma geral, as RC apresentaram maior dureza no topo do que na base. Na base, a resina composta com maior translucidez apresentou maior dureza do que a resina composta opaca.

Effect of lipstick on composite resin color at different application times

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the contact of two lipsticks, one with common fixer and one with ultra fixer, on the color of a composite resin immediately, 30 min and 24 h after photoactivation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety specimens were prepared with a composite resin, Filtek-Z350. Specimens were polished and divided into 9 groups (n=10) according to time elapsed after photoactivation (A- immediately; B- 30 min; C- 24 h) and the contact with lipstick (UF- lipstick with ultra fixer; F- lipstick with common fixer). The control group was represented by specimens that did not have any contact with lipstick (C- without lipstick). Color measurements of the specimens were carried out using a spectrophotometer (Easyshade - CIE L* a* b* system). For UF and F groups, the baseline color of the specimens was measured immediately before pigmentation and the lipsticks were applied dry after 1 hour. The excess lipstick was removed with absorbent paper and final color checking was performed, including the control group. Differences between the final and baseline color measurements were calculated and data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5 percent. RESULTS: The means between the differences of color values were: AUF: 16.0; AF: 12.4; AC: 1.07; BUF: 9.51; BF: 8.3; BC: 0.91; CUF: 17.7; CF: 12.41; CC: 0.82. CONCLUSION: Groups where lipstick was applied showed greater staining than the control group at the three evaluation times. The lipstick with ultra fixer stained more than the lipstick with common fixer. Time elapsed between photoactivation and contact with lipstick had a similar influence on the groups that received lipstick application.

Effect of lipstick on composite resin color at different application times.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the contact of two lipsticks, one with common fixer and one with ultra fixer, on the color of a composite resin immediately, 30 min and 24 h after photoactivation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety specimens were prepared with a composite resin, Filtek-Z350. Specimens were polished and divided into 9 groups (n=10) according to time elapsed after photoactivation (A- immediately; B- 30 min; C- 24 h) and the contact with lipstick (UF- lipstick with ultra fixer; F- lipstick with common fixer). The control group was represented by specimens that did not have any contact with lipstick (C- without lipstick). Color measurements of the specimens were carried out using a spectrophotometer (Easyshade - CIE L* a* b* system). For UF and F groups, the baseline color of the specimens was measured immediately before pigmentation and the lipsticks were applied dry after 1 hour. The excess lipstick was removed with absorbent paper and final color checking was performed, including the control group. Differences between the final and baseline color measurements were calculated and data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5%. RESULTS: The means between the differences of color values were: AUF: 16.0; AF: 12.4; AC: 1.07; BUF: 9.51; BF: 8.3; BC: 0.91; CUF: 17.7; CF: 12.41; CC: 0.82. CONCLUSION: Groups where lipstick was applied showed greater staining than the control group at the three evaluation times. The lipstick with ultra fixer stained more than the lipstick with common fixer. Time elapsed between photoactivation and contact with lipstick had a similar influence on the groups that received lipstick application.

Avaliação do efeito de enxaguatórios bucais na rugosidade superficial de resinas acrílicas quimicamente ativadas / Evaluation of oral mouth rinses in superficial roughness of self-curing acrylic resin

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de dois enxaguatórios bucais (Periogard [PER] (Colgate-Palmolive Ind. Com. Ltda – São Paulo, SP, Brasil) e Listerine [LIS] (Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Products – Skillman-NJ,EUA)) na rugosidade de superficie de duas resinas acrílicas polimerizáveis quimicamente (Duralay [DUR] (Reliance Dental – Worth, IL, EUA] e Dencrilay [DEN] (Dencril Caieiras, SP, Brasil)), tendo como grupo controle o soro fisiológico [SOR], totalizando 6 grupos (n=8). Para a confecção dos corpos-de-prova (CP) foram utilizadas 48 matrizes de poliacetal com um orifício central cilíndrico de 5 mm de diâmetro por 5 mm de profundidade. A resina acrílica foi manipulada e inserida no orifício com seringa plástica, com a matriz posicionada sobre uma lâmina de vidro. Outra lâmina foi pressionada sobre a matriz e esse conjunto foi colocado numa panela de pressão durante a polimerização. As faces correspondentes aos diâmetros dos cp foram regularizadas com lixa d’água 220 e as faces que apresentaram menos irregularidades receberam o acabamento com as demais lixas (320, 400, 600, 1200) sob refrigeração com água, em uma politriz. Após 24 horas de armazenagem em água foram realizadas as leituras iniciais num rugosímetro na escala Ra. Os CP foram imersos nas soluções para bochecho durante 10 minutos por dia, por 10 dias. Entre os intervalos de imersão nas soluções para bochechos as resinas ficaram armazenados em soro fisiológico. Nesse período, o grupo controle ficou todo o tempo armazenado em soro fisiológico. Em seguida, os CP foram submetidos à leitura final de rugosidade (Ra), pelo mesmo avaliador. Os resultados iniciais foram: DUR+LIS=0,20; UR+PER=0,21; DUR+SOR=0,25; DEN+LIS=0,33;DEN+SOR=0,33; DEN+PER=0,36; e finais: DUR+PER=0,28; DUR+LIS=0,28; DEN+SOR=0,31; DUR+SOR=0,34;DEN+PER=0,43; DEN+LIS=0,43. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey (5%)...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two oral mouth rinses (Periogard [PER] Periogard [PER] (Colgate- Palmolive Ind. Com. Ltda – São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and Listerine [LIS] (Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Products – Skillman, NJ, USA)) in superficial roughness of two self-curing acrylic resins (Duralay [DUR] (Reliance Dental – Worth, IL, USA] and Dencrilay [DEN] (Dencril Caieiras, SP, Brazil)). Physiologic solution [SOR] was used in control group. The research has a total of 06 groups (n=08). For the confection of the testing samples, 48 molds were made of poliacetal with a cylindrical central hole with 5 mm of diameter and 5 mm of thickness. Therefore, with the mold positioned on a glass blade, acrylic resin was manipulated and inserted in the hole with a plastic syringe. With another blade, a compression force was realized against the mold and these things together were put in a pressure pot with water during the polymerization. Testing sample’s faces were planned with sandpapers granulation 220 and the less irregularface was polished with others sandpapers (320, 400, 600, 1200) under refrigeration in a politrix. After 24 hours in water, initial reading was recorded with a roughness meter with Ra scale. The resin samples were immersed in the mouth rinses during 10 min/day for 10 days. Resins were stored in physiologic solution, between immersion intervals in mouth rinses.Control groups were all the time stored in physiologic solution...

Resistência flexural de resinas compostas imersas em diferentes líquidos / Flexural strength of composite resins immersed in liquids different

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência flexural de duas resinas compostas (Filtek Z350 eOpallis) quando submersas em diferentes líquidos (Listerine®, Coca-Cola® e água destilada). Foram confeccionados60 corpos-de-prova (cp), 10 cp para cada grupo. Para confecção dos cp as resinas compostasforam inseridas numa matriz metálica desmontável com a parte interna de 10 mm X 1 mm X 2 mm. As resinascompostas foram cobertas em ambos os lados com tira de poliéster e lâmina de vidro com a finalidadede deixar uma superfície plana. Os cp foram fotoativados com o LED OPTLIGHT LD MAX (±300 mW/cm2)por 40 segundos e imersos em cada um dos meios à 37ºC por 24 horas. Os cp foram medidos com paquímetrodigital e submetidos ao teste de flexão em três pontos na máquina de ensaios EMIC a 1mm/min. Osdados foram submetidos à Analise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (5%) e os resultados foram (MPa): Z350:água- 74,6; Coca-Cola- 101,3; Listerine®- 72,4 / Opallis: água- 43,5; Coca-Cola®- 80,4; Listerine®- 48,1.A resina composta Z350 apresentou maior resistência flexural em todos os meios estudados. Não houvediferença de resistência flexural das resinas compostas entre os meios água e Listerine®. As duas resinascompostas tiveram maiores valores de resistência flexural quando submersas em Coca-Cola®.

The study evaluated the flexural strength of two composite resins (Filtek Z350 e Opallis) stored at37oC for 24 hours in different liquids (Listerine®, Coca- Cola® and distilled water). Sixty specimens weremade, 10 for each group. The specimens were obtained by means of a rectangular stainless steel matrix witha cavity of 10mm x 1mm x 2mm. Specimens were light cured in all extension for 40 seconds using LED OPTLIGHTLD MAX (±300mW/cm2). After polymerization the specimens were stored in the liquids for 24 hours.After this period the three points flexural strength test was carried out, with a crosshead speed of 1mm/min.Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey (5%) and the results (MPa) were: Z350: distilled water- 74.6;Coca-Cola- 101.3; Listerine®- 72.4 / Opallis: distilled water - 43.5; Coca-Cola®- 80.4; Listerine®- 48.1. Thecomposite resin Filtek Z350 demonstrated higher flexural strength in all liquids. No differences were foundin composite resins between distilled water and Listerine®. Both resins presented higher flexural strengthvalues when immersed in Coca-Cola®.

Influência de colutórios bucais na dureza de resinas compostas / Influence of mouthrinses on the hardness of composite resin materials

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de colutórios bucais na dureza de três resinas compostas (Filtek Supreme® A2B – nanoparticulada [SUP], Filtek Z250® A2 – híbrida [Z25], Filtek Flow® A2 – híbrida de consistência fluida [FLO]). Três colutórios foram selecionados (Listerine® [LIS], PerioGard® [PER] e Cepacol® [CEP]) e a água destilada [AD] foi utilizada como solução de controle. Setenta e duas matrizes de um polímero de náilon, com 3 mm de diâmetro e 3 mm de espessura, foramconfeccionadas. As resinas foram inseridas nas matrizes em dois incrementos, os quais foram fotoativados por 20s cada. Os corpos-de-prova (cps) foram aplainados em lixas d’água e armazenados em água destilada por 24h. Cada tipo de resina composta foi dividido em quatro grupos (n = 6) de acordo com as soluções estudadas, as quais foram utilizadas sob o seguinte regime: três imersões por dia de 10min cada, durante trinta dias.Durante o período do estudo, os cps foram individualmente armazenados em água destilada. Cinco leiturasde dureza foram realizadas em cada cp e a média do número de dureza Knoop (KHN) dessas leituras foi utilizadapara a realização da análise estatística. Os resultados e desvios-padrão (DP) foram: SUP + LIS = 63,3(5,2) Bb; SUP + PER = 70,0(3,6)Ab; SUP + CEP = 67,8(3,6)ABb; SUP + AD = 64,3(3,8)Bb; Z25 + LIS = (2,4)88,4Aa; Z25 + PER = 77,1(5,4)Ba; Z25 + CEP = 83,8(3,9)Aa; Z25 + AD = 83,7(4,1)Aa; FLO + LIS = 44,3(4,1)Ac; FLO + PER = 46,5(1,6)Ac; FLO + CEP = 48,7(2,0)Ac; FLO + AD = 44,2(0,8)Ac. Após a análise de variância e o teste de Tukey (5 por cento), observou-se diferença estatística significativa entre a dureza Knoop das resinas testadas, sendoZ25 > SUP > FLO. Conclui-se que as resinas compostas comportaram-se de maneira diferente para cada tipo desolução utilizada